We would like to see it, if possible. The man at the door, who I have to assume was from the slaveholding side, said, Sure, well give it to you., The man went into his house and came back out with some papers in his hands. Exceedingly heavy and continued rains have stopped our progress, he told his wife. The three sisters had been taken from their parents, as had Pleasant, Mitchell and Samson. He worked for a partnership of slave dealers called Franklin & Armfield, run by his uncle. He did it, but it is what it is. They were guarding 200 men and boys lined up in twos, their wrists handcuffed together, a chain running the length of 100 pairs of hands. John Armfield. This morning finds us six miles west of Abingdon, Waller wrote home from one of the richer towns. I am president of the Sumner County Hysterical Society, he cracks, the only place you get respect for knowing a lot of dead people.. A singular spectacle, Featherstonhaugh wrote. Many things in the Old Testament are pretty barbaric, but they are part of our evolution.. Its been six years since Rothman began his research, crisscrossing the country to scour old documents such as property transactions in Louisiana, court cases in Mississippi, ship manifests in Alexandria. Last fall and this past spring, the Library of Virginia, in Richmond, and the Historic New Orleans Collection, in Louisiana, working separately, put together large exhibitions about the domestic slave trade. One in particular gives the flavor. Today, on the same spot, a six-lane bridge crosses the New River, and there is a town called Radford, population 16,000. There was also Mitchell, a boy of 10 or 11, and Foster, 20-ish and strong, his prize hand. In Louisiana the top prices could be had for a buck, a muscled man bound for the hell of the sugar fields. Franklin died in 1846 of intestinal issues. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield (1828-1837) were the first to use the property as a slave pen. The trace was a 450-mile roadtrace being the colonial word for a native trail through forestand the only overland route from the plateau west of the Appalachian Range leading to the Gulf of Mexico. Can anyone inform me of the whereabouts of John Person, the son of Hannah Person, of Alexandria, Va., who belonged to Alexander Sancter? And I think something like that has happened over and again, symbolically.. They packed flatboats with whiskey, tobacco, cotton and hogs, floated them down to New Orleans, sold the goods on the levee, and then sold the boat, Thomson says. Northern Shenandoah was wheat country then, with one in five people enslaved and hoeing in the fields. Buyers looked at the people, took them inside, made them undress, studied their teeth, told them to dance, asked them about their work, and, most important, looked at their backs. You want your history? he said. Actually, Uncle Isaac sent her off because he didnt want her around after he married.. Brooks Brothers was top-of-the-line slave clothing, Greenwald says. Ball was bought by a slave trader on Marylands Eastern Shore, and later wrote a memoir. In Winchester, the Winchester-. There is one marker on a wall outside a restaurant called Masperos. My mother was sold from me: After slavery, the desperate search for loved ones in last seen ads. Kenneth Thomson opens the door to his house, which is clapboard and painted a pretty cottage yellowquaint, not grand. Thomson takes a half-second. Overland coffles would have used the road that molders off in the trees. It was a part of life in those days. John Armfield Salmon 6 MAY 1823 - 12 FEB 1886 Benjamin Campsall ABT 1769 - JAN 1861 Elizabeth Campsall 10 FEB 1800 - 24 JUL 1874 Ann Thompson ABT 1767 - Family Group Sheet - Child. You got the wrong person to ask about sparing your feelings, Boxley replies. That was just part of life. I read, in many places, that slave traders had sex with the women they bought and sold. I had a brother, Sam, and a sister, Annie, who were left with mother. They came to look at my negroes & wanted to buy seven or eight, but they objected to the price, Waller said. He was the co-founder of Franklin & Armfield, "the largest slave trading firm" in the United States. Armfield had no wish to continue without his longtime partner. You see the names. Long stretches of U.S. 11 look much like the Valley Turnpike did during the 1830srolling fields, horses and cattle on hills. He called it Fairvue. The inspection of the back made or broke the deal. So-called mulatresses., Isaac Franklin was all over this market. When they reached Nashville, they would be halfway. Swinging back into Mississippi, Old Factors Stand, LeFleurs Stand, Crowders Stand, others. For almost everyone, the break was permanent, the grief everlasting. I was sold with a younger sisterBettie. The auctioneer was a handsome young man, devoting himself exclusively to the sale of young mulatto women, the reporter wrote of a sale in 1855. They say there were no feelings here.. of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] One half the circumference of the rotunda is occupied by the bar of the hotel, and the other half by entrances to the vaulted room. When I got back to Natchez, at age 55, I saw the large tourism industry, and I noticed that nowhere in this chattel-slavery museum town could I find, readily and visibly, stories that reflected the African-American presence. So he started advocating for the Forks. He lives alone in a five-room cottage in a black section of town, away from the camera-ready center of Natchez. To my recollection my fathers name was Joseph, and my mothers Milly, my brothers Anthony, and my sisters Maria.My name was Annie Ferrill, but my owners changed my name. Robert Glenn was sold at age 8 from his mother and father in North Carolina and spent the rest of his childhood in Kentucky. It took two days wages if you earned 50 cents a day, what freedpeoplea new wordwere starting to get for work. Remnants of the original Trace remain out in the woods, 100 yards from the breakdown lane, mostly untouched. He was a strict Quaker and a school teacher by profession. (Armfields hotel, which still stands, is used to host events including Methodist retreats.) I dont feel anything per se, she says, benignly. The turnpike ran farther west40 miles to Winchester, and then to the brow of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The exchanges granite facade can be still found on Chartres Street near the corner of St. Louis Street. He is bearded white and gray, and half bald. Around the 20th of that month the caravan began to assemble in front of the companys offices in Alexandria, at 1315 Duke Street. But here, they were marching through wilderness. It is peculiar that a man can pity himself for being unable to sell a roomful of teenagers he has known since their birth, but as Florence Blair says, thats what it was. There were free blacks in the South that owned slaves. It is a refrain among Southern whites who remain emotionally attached to the plantation daysthat one in 1,000 slaveholders who were black vindicates in some fashion 999 who were not. She points to a document from the steamerHibernia, which arrived from Louisville in 1831. Map sources: Digital Scholarship Lab, University of Richmond; Edward Ball; Guilbert Gates; Dacus Thompson; Sonya Maynard, Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, AP Photo/The Natchez Democrat, Ben Hillyer, Subscribe to Smithsonian magazine now for just $12. In the deep archive of the Virginia Historical Society I discovered an extraordinary batch of letters that Waller wrote about the experience of selling people he had known and lived with for much of his life. The cut is about 12 feet wide, with shallow ditches on each side. But he stood in the door, in front of my grandfather, and lit a match to the papers. As for Sarah and Indian, they had been taken from Sarahs husband and her mother. This is one of the richest portions of the state and perhaps one of the most healthy, he wrote home. Among the hundreds of hard-to-read and yellowing papers, I found one note dated April 16, 1834, from a man named James Franklin in Natchez, Mississippi, to the home office of his company in Virginia. Armfield crossed them on flatboats. They record the names, heights, ages, sex and coloration as determined by the person looking at them. Thomson emphasizes these last sentences. The first polite questions appeared in newspapers in the summer of 1865, right after the Civil War and Emancipation. And beneath the dome, with sunlight shafting down through windows in the apse, both auction stands did business simultaneously, in French and in English. After 40 miles, the Little River Turnpike met the town of Aldie and became the Aldie and Ashbys Gap Turnpike, a toll road. Randolph once wrote a friend to complain that the road was thronged with droves of these wretches & the human carcass-butchers, who drive them on the hoof to market. Comparing Virginia to a stop on the West African slave trade, Randolph sighed, One might almost fancy oneself on the road to Calabar.. Looking for any information about the ancestors and descendents of John Armfield.I am descended through his daughter, Nancy Ann Armfield. Last came the women and girls. The slave-trade site it mentions, Masperos Exchange, was diagonally across the street from the sandwich place.. Their good reputations persisted after retirement. They were once Americas cruelest, richest slave traders. No. The fireflies come out in the dwindling dusk. It is possible, of course, that Isaac Franklin sold his daughter. The pictures are beautiful. My name was then Hannah Person, it is now Hannah Cole. I am married to a man with four children. The only reason your black behind is here at all is because somebody survived that deal. I wish to inquire for my relatives, whom I left in Virginia about 25 years ago. Franklin and his business partners, John Armfield and Rice Ballard, were the most important domestic slave traders in American history. [1] He was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, and a co-founder of Sewanee: The University of the South . About half of those people boarded ships in Washington or Norfolk, bound for Louisiana, where Franklin sold them. Franklin and Armfield each fathered at least one child with an enslaved woman, Rothman said. Golden Plains (Plantation : Mississippi) Boxley left Natchez in 1960, at age 20. Samuel Garland said something about negro trading that makes me infer the Church is displeased with me. Waller had been on the trail for two weeks when he wrote home to say, I have seen and felt enough to make me loathe the vocation of slave trading. He did not give details. Behind the men were the women and girls, another hundred. The journey ended, the business done, Waller headed home. Boxley lets less than a second pass. John Armfield, slave trader and businessman, descended from North Carolina Quakers who were Loyalists during the American Revolution. Franklin sold the enslaved woman and her baby right after his wedding. The display was weirdly silent. Franklin went to the theater with other rich whites and threw dinner parties, earning a reputation as a gregarious host with the best liquors, Rothman said. A lot of black people, she said, do not want to know about their ancestry. Human bondage began I dont know when, but early, thousands of years ago. The path the slaves took is beautiful. No buildings on that half-acre. The tan clapboard housefolding chairs and a hammock in the front yard, cinder blocks and planks for front stepsoverflows inside with books, LPs, folk art, old newspapers, knickknacks, clothes in piles and unidentifiable hoards of objects. The family story is that after Uncle Isaac came back from service during the War of 1812, which sort of interrupted his career path, if you call it that, he was all for the slave business. A woman at a tourist store clarified. There is no branch of trade, in this part of the country, more brisk and profitable than that of buying and selling negroes, a traveler named Estwick Evans wrote about Natchez in the early 19th century. I take the old route to Knoxville, but then get onto the freeway, Interstate 40. Isaac had a child by a black woman before he married, Thomson says. A painting of the mansion at Fairvue. The same reporter described a noble-looking woman with a bright-eyed seven-year-old. When mother and boy stepped onto the platform, however, no bids came for them, and the auctioneer decided on the spur of the moment to put the boy on sale separately. Waller and his gang reached the Valley Turnpike in October. He is loath to spend yet another day probing the dark activities and darker minds of Franklin and Armfield. I ask a Nashville museum director, Mark Brown, for help in finding a member of the family in the here and now. We had a cook, a black man. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage - which he said he discovered through DNA testing - in an essay included in "Slavery's. Franklin & Armfields marches began in the late summer, sometimes the fall, and they took two to four months. The marchers and the roadwork gangs, slaves all, traded long looks. Genealogy for John Franklin Layfayette Armfield (1858 - 1910) family tree on Geni, with over 240 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Pretense and bluster rub shoulders with the plain and dejected. A month ago the bridge was uncovered with a backhoe by a developer, Boxley says. Franklin divided his retirement between a large mansion he built in Tennessee and several Louisiana plantations he acquired over the course of his career. During the black power years of the 1960s he renamed himself Ser Seshsh Ab Heter. Now I have five adult children, eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. Armfield did not want to pay for passage, not with his hundreds. Some museum curators know about it, too. If you squinted, you could see pinholes in it. It is plain that in this branch of the Franklin family, the past cannot be unremembered. And Ill tell you what nobody ever talks about. So it is likely they were force-marched from Albemarle County, Virginia, to Louisville, and then boarded a steamer downriver to here. She waves a hand toward the Mississippi levee two blocks away. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were J ohn, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac an d Thomas and all their families. Before 1619, there was 1526: The mystery of the first enslaved Africans in what became the United States, Hunting down runaway slaves: The cruel ads of Andrew Jackson and the master class, Here are the facts about the enslavement of Africans in U.S. history. He had grown up near Gallatin, 30 miles northeast of Nashville, and he went there during off months. Advertising Notice Nancy Ann Armfield was born 1732 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania to John Armfield and his wife. Slaves were routinely insuredplenty of companies did that sort of business, with policies guarding against damage. But collecting on such damage would be inconvenient. Today the road leaving town becomes U.S. Route 50, a big-shouldered highway. It never occurs to them to think slavery might be bad: Slavery is what made their society work, it made them rich, it was a given that that was what black people were for, Rothman said. Isaac Franklin put a building right where that muffler shop issee the peach-colored shed, across the street? Some names in the lists are familiar. In 1835, it was 4,723. During the move to the Deep South, many slaves found themselves on steamboats winding down the Mississippi to New Orleans. Bettie was sold to a man named Reed, and I was sold and carried to New Orleans and from there to Texas. After 15 years at various Tennessee hospitals, and after 15 years selling makeup for Mary Kay Cosmetics (and driving a pink Cadillac, because she moved a ton of mascara), she now occupies herself with family history. He had some of those. Surnames; Search People; Every Sunday, preachers around the South looked out at congregations and read announcements from Lost Friends and columns like it. A sudden, loud drone from every direction, the natural music of Mississippi. But as Waller drifted through Mississippi, he couldnt sell anyone. I sold your fancy girl Alice for $800, Franklin wrote to Rice Ballard, a partner then in Richmond. The whole amount of sales for the twentythe entire group that had come with him from Virginiais $12,675. (About $400,000 now.) The partners employed stringersheadhunters who worked on commissioncollecting enslaved people up and down the East Coast, knocking on doors, asking tobacco and rice planters whether they would sell. On the dark slope after 40, since you ask. They were discovered, and it caused a panic. Many slaveholders were inclined to do so, as their plantations made smaller fortunes than many princeling sons would have liked. Bradley Beal hits season high as Wizards fight to the finish in Atlanta, For Ovechkin in winter, a deadline sell-off makes sense this spring, Commanders cut Carson Wentz and Bobby McCain, clearing cap space, is used to host events including Methodist retreats. Boxley is 75. Numerous fires were gleaming through the forest: it was the bivouac of the gang, wrote the traveler, George Featherstonhaugh. This is the oldest settled portion of the state and bears the appearance of great comfort, refinement and elegance, Waller wrote. They were in debt. Franklin and Armfield met a few years after that in the course of business and immediately developed a rapport, Rothman said an intimacy that continued for decades and fueled their profitability. Each carried 5 to 50 slaves. I am now waiting for a safe boat to set out for you, he wrote. The Valley Turnpike once ran on its edge, and the coffle of 300 saw the place from the road. After Emancipation, now a freedman of about 20, Glenn remembered the name of his hometownRoxboro. Their plan was to leave a few slaves behind with Sarah as house servants and for William to march nearly all the rest to Natchez and New Orleans. You see, blacks were better off coming to this country. His humanity was not always visible, but it was there. It was at the beginning of the 1800s. My heart grieves over Sarah and I do wish it could be different, he wrote. But Sarah seems happy.. Address me at Morales, Jackson Co., Texas.Mary Haynes.. Other white men, similarly armed, were arrayed behind him. Listed in 1790 Guilf census 1-2-1 He had the equivalent of an eighth-grade education. Hundreds of thousands crossed this waymigrants, enslaved people, whites, Indians. He turns. No wonder that there should be robberies and assassinations in such a population.. Cookie Policy They dont do family history, because they think, Oh, it was too cruel, and so brutal, and why should I look at it up close? I am not one of those people.. The drama of a million individuals going so far from their homes changed the country. A magnificent Greek Revival courthouse stands next to a one-room barbershop with a corrugated metal front. Today in New Orleans, the number of monuments, markers and historic sites that refer in some way to the domestic slave trade is quite small. He could write a letter.. John Armfield Barrister and Mediator John specialises in estate litigation. Their children included a son named Jack Key, who was freed at the end of the Civil War, at age 21. Waller was 58, not young but still fit. Franklin probably bought him there and brought him to Tennessee in the early 1830s. He complained that his wifes brother Samuel had condescended to him a few months before. She lives 25 miles from Gallatin, in a pretty brick, ranch-style house with white shutters. Not long ago I was reading some old letters at the library of the University of North Carolina, doing a little unearthing of my own. A hundred yards from Forks of the Road, there is a low brick bridge across a narrow creek. After Duck River, in Tennessee, came the Keg Springs Stand. But what it says is wrong. This is the only child I have and I desire to find him much. In their heyday, Isaac Franklin and John Armfield sold between 1,000 and 2,000 enslaved people per year, and by the time Franklin died in 1846, his estate was valued at $710,000 almost $24. The way you transcend the hurt and pain is to face the situation, experience it and cleanse yourself, to allow the humanity of our ancestors and their suffering to wash through you and settle into your spirit.. As she talks and points out objects, I notice something I had never seen during many visits to this archive: black people. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life and death 4 See also 5 References Waller reached Mississippi by that November. And that includes about Isaac Franklin. The two most ruthless domestic slave traders in America had a secret language for their business. People do know, however, about Civil War battles. The abolitionist, knowing full well Armfields profession, nonetheless wrote: He is a man of fine personal appearance, and of engaging and graceful manners.. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage which he said he discovered through DNA testing in an essay included in " Slavery's. Double Oaks is a significant historic property, honored by placement on the National Register in 1985. He was not ignorant. The city government passed an ordinance that banned all long-distance dealers selling people within the city limits. And you see a lot of records in which there are an unusual number of 10-year-olds alone. Those kinds of stubborn myths they need demolition., Aaron Burr villain of Hamilton had a secret family of color, new research shows. My name was Mary, and I was nine years old when sold to a trader named Walker, who carried us to North Carolina. Each negro is furnished with two entire suits from the shop, Andrews noted, which he does not wear upon the road. Instead, these clothes were saved for the end of the trip so each slave could dress well for sale. They first came over here as indentured servants, as did the whites. In place of towns were stands every 10 or 15 miles. A Bible from the family of John Armfield. Multiply that by 200. From the beginning, they divvied the work according to each mans strength: Armfield, based in Virginia, managed the buying side of things and arranged transportation, Rothman said. Next door to it was another, the New Orleans Exchange. He became interested in Franklin and Armfield after perceiving a relative paucity of books or articles about the duo what he called a gaping hole in all of the literature on the slave trade.. Days and nights down the Valley Turnpike, the spine of the Blue Ridge, destination Tennessee, where Armfield would hand over his coffle and board a stagecoach back to Alexandria. Armfield. Across the street was another set of buildings and dealers. Privacy Statement In 1833, John Armfield shipped a gang of people to Natchez, where Isaac Franklin received them. In fact, it is more your story than it is mine.. Just outside town, the Trace comes to an end at a shabby intersection. They got into the domestic slave trade just as the cotton economy and American demand for enslaved labor exploded, and quit right before the United States sank into the financial panic of 1837. Ben Key was a slave to Isaac Franklin at Fairvue. Construction began in 1906 as a home for Harden Thomas Martin, a Reidsville merchant who had it built for his . It was typical on the Slave Trail: People like Waller marched a coffle and sold one or two people along the way to pay the travel bills. Although the Historic New Orleans Collection is the citys most serious and extensive history center, it attracted few blacks until this year. She was captured and enslaved 400 years ago. (Video: Victoria Walker, John Parks/The Washington Post), For more than 50 years The Thomas Jefferson Foundation has been working to incorporate the story on the enslaved community on Jefferson's plantation. Prize hand most important domestic slave traders in America had a brother, Sam and! Began i dont know when, but early, thousands of years.... Events including Methodist retreats. of 10 or 11, and a co-founder of Sewanee: the University of companys. Makes me infer the Church is displeased with me once ran on its edge, and half bald lives... 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