The abstracts made from the original records were carefully checked to ensure that the abstracts were accurate.. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Such feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. NARA describes this effort: The compilation of service records of Confederate soldiers was begun in 1903 under the direction of Brig. The task of compiling these records for Confederate soldiers began in 1903. Richard Rowland Kirkland (August 1843 September 20, 1863), known as "The Angel of Marye's Heights", was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War, noted by both sides for his bravery and the story of his humanitarian actions during the Battle of Fredericksburg. Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. On December 13, 1862, Kirkland's unit had formed at the stone wall at the base of "Marye's Heights" near Fredericksburg, Virginia. [130][131], Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. color of their uniform), Grays, Johnny Reb, Johnny, or just plain During the American Civil War and afterwards, Johnny Reb and his Union counterpart Billy Yank were used in speech and literature to symbolize the common soldiers who fought in the Civil War in the 1860s. Civil War By The Numbers. Only seven men achieved the rank of (full) general;[74] the highest-ranking (earliest date of rank) was Samuel Cooper, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Your email address will not be published. [24] The act was amended twice in 1862. This was about 10 percent of the total Union fighting force. Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. In April 1862,[22] the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act,[23] which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. In some cases, Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States' actions regarding its opposition to slavery. [55][56] North Carolina lost nearly a quarter of its soldiers (24,122) to desertion. Michael Quinion and Patrick Hanks argue that the term comes from the Dutch name Janneke, a diminutive form of Jan (John) which would be Anglicized as Yankee due to the Dutch pronunciation of J as the English Y. President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it. This database contains an index to compiled service records (CSRs) for soldiers who served with units in the Confederate army. [25] On October 11, the Confederate Congress passed the so-called "Twenty Negro Law",[26] which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves, a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves. As the About 69% of Confederate soldiers worked as farmers before the war, 5% of Confederate soldiers worked as mechanics and 9% of Confederate soldiers worked as laborers (Lanser 11. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, A. P. Hill, John B. Gordon. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so. . According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, in his book For Cause and Comrades, most Confederate volunteers stated they were fighting for liberty as well as slavery while many of the Union soldiers stated they fought to end slavery and preserve the union. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but wartime difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. In response, some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons. Item Code: 2022-2311. Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100%: Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. An acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from Patrick Cleburne[106] urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation; Jefferson Davis refused to consider the proposal and issued instructions forbidding the matter from being discussed. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. It does not store any personal data. What was the nickname for Confederate soldiers. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. For Free. Johnny, or just plain Reb. Neal Publishing Company, 1912.McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. [43] After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move, as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy, and thus lead to greater enlistment of soldiers in the Confederate army. [121], James McPherson states that "Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia, whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the U.S. Civil War. 2000-2022Sandbox Networks, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Union slodiers - Yanks or Yankees . Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The following men had varying degrees of control: The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are only a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. Army -- Registers, Soldiers -- Confederate States of America -- Registers, United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers, United States -- Confederate States of America, United States, Southern States -- Military records -- Civil War, 1861-1865, urn:lcp:rosterofconfeder0000unse:lcpdf:942a4376-e0e6-4197-8274-c8c436bda8c3, urn:lcp:rosterofconfeder0000unse:epub:02c5afa1-2a5a-48fd-9a4d-dafc1a72f20e, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War, historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. In 1965, sculptor Felix de Weldon unveiled a statue in front of the stone wall at the Fredericksburg battlefield in Kirkland's honor. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. ", "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. Copy. Fold3 provides convenient access to military records, including the stories, photos, and personal documents of the men and women who served. [79], By 1863, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. "They forced their negroes to load their cannon," reported a U.S. officer. How can we avoid the occurrence of weld porosity? What was the nickname of the Confederate soldiers? Uploaded by Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Educate, entertain, and engage with Factmonster. At that time they were considered Traitors to the Union. Your email address will not be published. [11], Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C.S. They were generally referred by number and state, for example 1st Texas, 12th Virginia. Davis proposed an army of 100,000 soldiers in his message to Congress on April 29. Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front (such as railroad and river workers, civil officials, telegraph operators, miners, druggists and teachers) were exempt from the draft. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were involved at any time during the war. There is too many free niggers now to suit me, let alone having four millions. Four regiments usually formed a brigade, although as the number of soldiers in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862, so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile, Alabama "at the foot of Stone Street". Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, (September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War (1861-65), a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. Officers' uniforms bore a braided design on the sleeves and kepi, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "Dogface" A World War II and Korean War Soldier. Two to four divisions usually formed a corps. So anestimated 20,000 to . web pages To each member, Fifty Dollars Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. Branch colors were used for the color of chevronsblue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States. Confederate soldiers were paid $11 per month, which was two dollars less than Union soldiers. The following calls for soldiers were issued: The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam campaign. on the Internet. (MA thesis Virginia Tech, 2014). From the solar system to the world economy to educational games, Fact Monster has the info kids are seeking. Additional information may be found by viewing the image of the original record. The most common term for a generic Confederate, however, was Johnny Reb. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army. At least one major was next in command. [81] The Cherokee were guaranteed protection, rations of food, livestock, tools, and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 78, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Home Guard. The truth of the story has been disputed. Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? A typical CSR will include an envelope that lists a soldiers name, rank, unit, and card numbers, followed by cards with details extracted from muster rolls, rosters, hospital rolls, Union prison records, payrolls, and other records, with a new card being created each time a soldiers name appeared on a new document. greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback These lists contain names of Confederate soldiers, their regiment, and burial place transcribed from monuments and headstones. Sergeant Kirkland's actions remain a legend in Fredericksburg to this day. During the Jim Crow era and even through the MLKing years of peaceful demonstrations, more than 700 monuments were part of roughly 1,500 symbols (such as naming schools, streets and Army bases) of the Confederacy in public spaces. They were also called rebs and yanks. [40] He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two: Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians. A grayback was also a slang term for lice, so we can see the insult here. Where should I start working out out of shape? Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons, more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred. A grayback was also a slang term for lice, so we can see the insult here. On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 58692. As in the U.S. Army, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. [27], The Confederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. In the summer of 1862, U.S. troops captured Chief Ross, who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the United States Army.[81]. Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor, March 25, 1863, p. 6. Begun in 1903 under the direction of Brig Fredericksburg battlefield in Kirkland honor... James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, A. P.,! The cookie is used to store the user consent for the color of chevronsblue infantry... Information about soldiers in the ranks under such circumstances the Civil War James McPherson States that `` troops! And Comrades: Why men fought in the War, Albert Pike was appointed as envoy... $ 11 per month, which was two Dollars less than Union soldiers because it was controversial were to... 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